Heavy Metal More Than Music Cultural Studies Essay

Heavy Metal More Than Music Cultural Studies Essay Subcultures are present in all societies around the world. Their members usually differentiate themselves by clothing style, music or even behavior. Studies and theories of subcultures have been conducted by various sociological schools. The Birmingham School came up with three levels of general analysis in their theories about subcultures: structure, culture and biography (Stanley Cohen, Symbols of trouble, 1980). He viewed subcultures as a political battleground between the classes (p.50). The first level on analysis, structure, refers to the problems of society that cannot be controlled by individuals, it refers to constraints put on people by the distribution of power, the labor market or wealth. The culture represents the solution to all the problems imposed by the structure. The culture includes the responses of the people to the structure, responses based on traditions, ideologies. The culture represents the more broad form of group present. A subculture, as defined by Cohen, is the specific, especially symbolic form through which the subordinate group negotiates its position. Two dominant themes were defined. The first one represents the style, which constitutes a type of resistance to subordination encountered in most subcultures, for instance Punks, Rockers or Hippies. The second theme refers to the fact that the resistance by style becomes symbolic or magical for the people that are part of the subculture. The process of resistance is seen as a symbolic one in three contexts. The first circumstance is when the subculture attacks a target which is not connected to the source of the problem. The second circumstance is when the solution to the problem is seen as magical without any real chances of being fixed. The final form of symbolic meaning is represented by what the style stands for. The style can symbol something that is beyond the surface appearance. Common objects are borrowed and used as symbols of opposition and insubordination, often in an ironical way. Biography represents the third general level of analysis that can be distinguished in the new theories of subculture. It is defined as the pattern and sequence of personal circumstances through which the culture and structure are experienced (p 151). This refers to the symbolic meaning of a subculture and the way its followers actually live given that they are part of the subculture. Heavy Metal Subculture Heavy metal has become more than just a subgenre of rock or metal music. It has become a subculture that not only listens to bands that play heavy metal and attends concerts. Fans of this music embrace its style, way of thinking, behavior, language and symbolism. Heavy metal music appeared first in Birmingham with groups like Black Sabbath and Led Zeppelin. The unique sound of Black Sabbath was given by Tony Iommi, a factory worker that cut his fingers while handling a metal cutting machine thus being forced to wear plastic prosthetics on his fingers in order to be able to play the guitar. The background of the singers remained deeply integrated into their music and lyrics. However, defining songs as heavy metal remained a constant debate among metalheads. Defining the term strictly pushes fans to accept as heavy metal only songs that have a harsh, dark sound and include songs which have as a theme alienation and anger, traits which characterized the life of Black Sabbaths member, Toni Iommi. In contrast, defining the term heavy metal more loosely allows other bands to be included in this genre. These bands can have as their focus other themes, such as angry love, lost love, desired love and even partying. The lyrics of the songs are generall y focused on violence and angst, giving the songs a constant mood of anger and sorrow. Even if heavy metal has its roots in 1969, with the band Black Sabbath, it became a defined form, different from hard rock much later, in the early 1980s. The term heavy metal was popularized in the hit born to be wild by Steppenwolf with the phrase heavy metal thunder. With the popularity surrounding this distinct type of rock, several heavy metal bands rose from the dark. Groups like Judas Priest and Iron Maiden developed a darker and abrasive sound, Metallica and Megadeth energized their songs which were used to present several themes: religion, political hypocrisy, alienation and existential emptiness. Moreover, Slayer used violence and chaos to attract its audience. All these bands contributed to what came to become a subculture of alienation  [1]  . In her book Heavy metal: The Music And Its Culture, Deena Weinstein argues that heavy metal has persisted far longer than most genres of rock music due to the subculture which identified with the music. The fans of heavy metal formed an exclusionary youth community which became very distinctive and marginalized from the mainstream society. The heavy metal community developed their own norms, values and behaviors. The code of authenticity must be followed by bands which have to show a disinterest in commercial appeal and a refusal to sell out. Another factor present in the metal code is the opposition to established authority, and separateness from the rest of society. The metal performer becomes an ideal image of the music and subculture, being compelled to show total devotion to the music. A performer needs to be an idealized representative of the subculture. This idea that metal shapes what young people should think and their view of the world built up the ideology of pervasive ali enation, which is a reason of pride and defiance for the subcultures members.  [2]  However, Phil Collen, a guitarist for the band Def Leppard, says in one of his interviews They think they are alienated but they are not. There are two million people exactly like them. The members of the subculture are in majority white males that come from middle class backgrounds. They are tolerant of those outside its core demographic base who follow its codes of dress, appearance, and behaviour  [3]  . Their code involves attending concerts, buying albums of the groups they support and building friendships among the members of the subculture. Solidarity is built on the activities they do together, for instance going to concerts. This is a ritual in which the members can celebrate their common appreciation of music. They use magazines and, more recently, websites, to connect with others and express their solidarity. Moreover, a person who does not fully embrace the culture is considered a poseur by the rest of the members. A poser, as defined by the Webster dictionary, refers to person who pretends to be what he or she is not: an affected or insincere person. Authenticity and sincerity are necessary in order to not fall under the poseur label. James Hetfield , the lead singer of Metallica, stated in one of their 1980s concerts This will kill all the posers out there, all the fake people. The members of the heavy metal subculture do not have a well-defined name; instead, they are referd to as metalheads, headbangers or even trashers. The term metalhead is applied to a member of the subculture who, in addition to being extremely enthusiastic about the music, follows the fashion and behavioural rules imposed by the subculture. The amount of young people that identify with the heavy metal culture exceeds a couple of million individuals just in the Unites States of America. A performer states in the documentary Heavy-the story of Metal: Why do kids like heavy metal? They can be whatever they want, be dumb, be cool, be crazy. Metalheads find meaning in several aspects of their involvement with heavy metal; for instance, in their resonation with the meanings of the songs, their admiration of the performers, their participation in the collective ritual of the heavy metal concert, and also from being part of a subculture that shares their taste in music and view of the world. Being a metalhead means being a true believer. Metalheads have authority over each other in what concerns acceptance as a true believer. Confirming to the heavy metal style and ideology of alienated individualism grants acceptance by the other members. The absence of community is substituted by the heavy metal subculture. Connections between members are made based on their enthusiasm for the music. This also often becomes the basis for new friendships. A resemblance between the community of metalheads and a geographically distinct traditional community can be made. Listening to music pushes metalheads to think they are sharing the declaration of the songs message. This makes it easier for them to observe the imperfections of society and the hypocrisy that comes with adult life. By embracing heavy metal, young people think they are helping the world expose its falsity. Performers declare their authenticity through the music they make as well as their dressing style. Breaking all social conventions regarding dressing and behavioural codes shows their lack of interest and disrespect for the corrupt society. Solidarity to other metal fans is shown by following the same pattern of dressing. In addition to this, metalheads use their style to show that they agree with the messages put out by bands in their songs, they too agree with the fact that the societys corruption needs to be exposed. Sebastian Bach, a heavy metal performer, states in the documentary Heavy the story of Metal: Heavy metal does have a message for the rest of the society, and that is F*ck you! Reckless behaviour is often associated with metalheads. This behaviour ranges from driving under the influence of alcohol, to doing drugs or having sexual intercourse without protection. Vandalising and shop lifting are also more often associated with members of the heavy metal subculture than with other young people. One reason behind this is said to be the heavy metal music that influences their behaviour. The antisocial themes of the songs can awake the same feelings in those who listen to them. However, reckless behaviour is linked with heavy metal music by sensation seeking. Young people that are in the look for intense feelings or new experiences are attracted to the dark, rough sound of heavy metal music as well as to the danger and novelty that comes with risk-taking behaviour.  [4]   Heavy metal style In addition to the music, heavy metal style occupies a very important place within the subculture. It offers metalheads a degree of independence compared to the other factors that constitute this subculture. Elements of this fashion are derived from several other youth cultures of the 1960s, for instance motorcycle culture, hippie culture, but it also has influences from military clothing. There are several functions that the elements of the style have: social, psychological and symbolic. With the help of style, members of the subculture can distinguish between insiders and outsiders and at the same time allowing them to create their own identities by providing them with forms to express their attitudes, norms and values. Heavy metal fashion consists of clothing and other visual elements added to a members image. It is predominantly male because all metal styles are inscribed by the masculinist ideology. The uniform consists usually of a black T-shirt, leather jacket, blue jeans and boots. T-shirts and sometimes baseball caps can have imprinted the name or logo of a metal band, allowing others to see what is that persons favourite band, fact that often leads to mutual appreciation of each others musical tastes. What is more, jeans jackets, which are legacy of the hippie culture, can replace the leather jacket. However, both types of jackets are decorated with pins, buttons, spikes, metal bullets or other homemade decorations, like patches. Designs preferred range from skulls, skeletons to snakes or dragons. Heavy metal jewellery also consists of leather objects, like wrist bands, gauntlets or belts, decorated with metal spikes or chains. Necklaces often have a cross or a skull medallion. Moreover, colourful tattoos can be often found on the arms of metalheads. Long hair is also one of the best ways to show your dedication to the subculture because it is a feature that cannot be concealed. It became one of the aspects that best defined the boundaries of the metal subculture because only a dedicated member would accept to always be associated with heavy metal. Headbanging and the heavy metal hand sings, often referred to as metal fingers, metal horns or Satan fingers also play an important role in the subculture. Headbanging is the dance of choice of metalheads. It is an activity most metalheads engage in, refers to a violent rhythmic shaking of the head by fans of heavy metal music  [5]  . The audience members of a concert usually headbang in order to show that they get lost in the music. It is more often seen in the near proximity of the stage and it is not absent from any show. The metal horns were popularised in the subculture by Ronnie James Dio, a member of Black Sabbath, who claimed his grandmother used the sign to keep away the evil eye. Nowadays, this is a sign widely used by fans not only in concerts, but also in othe social gatherings. Members of the heavy metal culture also indulge in some recreational substances. Beer is the most popular drink among metalheads. It was taken from the bikers and is consumed in high amounts at festivals and concerts. Weed is another substance commonly used in the subculture, originally used by the hippies. In addition to these, other drugs such as cocaine or vodka are associated with heavy metal performers. In conclusion, metalheads use their music and style to rebel against the norms of society. They fight back by breaking the rules and adopting an ideology of alienation. As Rob Halford from Judas Priest said You kick back, you punch back, you fight back, you claw back, you scream back with Heavy Metal. Word count: 2391 Additional sources Documentaries Heavy: The Story of Metal The Decline of Western Civilisation Part II The Metal Years Heavy Metal Parking Lot Get Trashed

Deception Point Page 109

A few of the reporters laughed. With his daughter bearing down fast from his right, Sexton had no doubt this father-daughter reunion would best be held in private. Unfortunately, privacy was scarce at the moment. Sexton's eyes darted to the large partition on his right. Still smiling calmly, Sexton waved to his daughter and stepped away from the microphone. Moving toward her at an angle, he maneuvered such that Rachel had to pass behind the partition to get to him. Sexton met her halfway, hidden from the eyes and ears of the press. â€Å"Honey?† he said, smiling and opening his arms as Rachel came toward him. â€Å"What a surprise!† Rachel walked up and slapped his face. Alone with her father now, ensconced behind the partition, Rachel glared with loathing. She had slapped him hard, but he barely flinched. With chilling control, his phony smile melted away, mutating into an admonishing glower. His voice turned to a demonic whisper. â€Å"You should not be here.† Rachel saw wrath in his eyes and for the first time in her life felt unafraid. â€Å"I turned to you for help, and you sold me out! I was almost killed!† â€Å"You're obviously fine.† His tone was almost disappointed. â€Å"NASA is innocent!† she said. â€Å"The President told you that! What are you doing here?† Rachel's short flight to Washington aboard the Coast Guard Osprey had been punctuated by a flurry of phone calls between herself, the White House, her father, and even a distraught Gabrielle Ashe. â€Å"You promised Zach Herney you were going to the White House!† â€Å"I am.† He smirked. â€Å"On election day.† Rachel felt sickened to think this man was her father. â€Å"What you're about to do is madness.† â€Å"Oh?† Sexton chuckled. He turned and motioned behind him to the podium, which was visible at the end of the partition. On the podium, a stack of white envelopes sat waiting. â€Å"Those envelopes contain information you sent me, Rachel. You. The President's blood is on your hands.† â€Å"I faxed you that information when I needed your help! When I thought the President and NASA were guilty!† â€Å"Considering the evidence, NASA certainly appears guilty.† â€Å"But they are not! They deserve a chance to admit their own mistakes. You've already won this election. Zach Herney is finished! You know that. Let the man retain some dignity.† Sexton groaned. â€Å"So naive. It's not about winning the election, Rachel, it's about power. It's about decisive victory, acts of greatness, crushing opposition, and controlling the forces in Washington so you can get something done.† â€Å"At what cost?† â€Å"Don't be so self-righteous. I'm simply presenting the evidence. The people can draw their own conclusions as to who is guilty.† â€Å"You know how this will look.† He shrugged. â€Å"Maybe NASA's time has come.† Senator Sexton sensed the press was getting restless beyond the partition, and he had no intention of standing here all morning and being lectured by his daughter. His moment of glory was waiting. â€Å"We're through here,† he said. â€Å"I have a press conference to give.† â€Å"I'm asking you as your daughter,† Rachel pleaded. â€Å"Don't do this. Think about what you're about to do. There's a better way.† â€Å"Not for me.† A howl of feedback echoed out of the PA system behind him, and Sexton wheeled to see a late-arriving female reporter, huddled over his podium, attempting to attach a network microphone to one of the goose-neck clips. Why can't these idiots arrive on time? Sexton fumed. In her haste, the reporter knocked Sexton's stack of envelopes to the ground. Goddamn it! Sexton marched over, cursing his daughter for distracting him. When he arrived, the woman was on her hands and knees, collecting the envelopes off the ground. Sexton couldn't see her face, but she was obviously â€Å"network†-wearing a full-length cashmere coat, matching scarf, and low-slung mohair beret with an ABC press pass clipped to it. Stupid bitch, Sexton thought. â€Å"I'll take those,† he snapped, holding out his hand for the envelopes. The woman scraped up the last of the envelopes and handed them up to Sexton without looking up. â€Å"Sorry†¦,† she muttered, obviously embarrassed. Hunkering low in shame, she scurried off into the crowd. Sexton quickly counted the envelopes. Ten. Good. Nobody was going to steal his thunder today. Regrouping, he adjusted the microphones and gave a joking smile to the crowd. â€Å"I guess I'd better hand these out before someone gets hurt!† The crowd laughed, looking eager. Sexton sensed his daughter nearby, standing just off-stage behind the partition. â€Å"Don't do this,† Rachel said to him. â€Å"You'll regret it.† Sexton ignored her. â€Å"I'm asking you to trust me,† Rachel said, her voice growing louder. â€Å"It's a mistake.† Sexton picked up his envelopes, straightening the edges. â€Å"Dad,† Rachel said, intense and pleading now. â€Å"This is your last chance to do what's right.† Do what's right? Sexton covered the microphone and turned as if clearing his throat. He glanced discreetly over at his daughter. â€Å"You're just like your mother-idealistic and small. Women simply do not understand the true nature of power.† Sedgewick Sexton had already forgotten his daughter by the time he turned back toward the jostling media. Head held high, he walked around the podium and handed the stack of envelopes into the hands of the waiting press. He watched the envelopes disseminate rapidly through the crowd. He could hear the seals being broken, the envelopes being torn apart like Christmas presents. A sudden hush came over the crowd. In the silence, Sexton could hear the defining moment of his career. The meteorite is a fraud. And I am the man who revealed it. Sexton knew it would take the press a moment to understand the true implications of what they were looking at: GPR images of an insertion shaft in the ice; a living ocean species almost identical to the NASA fossils; evidence of chondrules that formed on earth. It all led to one shocking conclusion. â€Å"Sir?† one reporter stammered, sounding stunned as he looked in his envelope. â€Å"Is this for real?† Sexton gave a somber sigh. â€Å"Yes, I'm afraid it's very real indeed.† Murmurs of confusion now spread through the crowd. â€Å"I'll give everyone a moment to look through these pages,† Sexton said, â€Å"and then I'll take questions and attempt to shed some light on what you're looking at.† â€Å"Senator?† another reporter asked, sounding utterly bewildered. â€Å"Are these images authentic?†¦ Unretouched?† â€Å"One hundred percent,† Sexton said, speaking more firmly now. â€Å"I would not present the evidence to you otherwise.† The confusion in the crowd seemed to deepen, and Sexton thought he even heard some laughter-not at all the reaction he had expected. He was starting to fear he had overestimated the media's ability to connect the obvious dots. â€Å"Um, senator?† someone said, sounding oddly amused. â€Å"For the record, you stand behind the authenticity of these images?† Sexton was getting frustrated. â€Å"My friends, I will say this one last time, the evidence in your hands is one-hundred-percent accurate. And if anyone can prove otherwise, I'll eat my hat!† Sexton waited for the laugh, but it never came. Dead silence. Blank stares. The reporter who had just spoken walked toward Sexton, shuffling through his photocopies as he came forward. â€Å"You're right, senator. This is scandalous data.† The reporter paused, scratching his head. â€Å"So I guess we're puzzled as to why you've decided to share it with us like this, especially after denying it so vehemently earlier.†

Stardust: the Wall and Tristan

Through dedication, love, and courage, Tristan Thorne overcomes the strength and ability to grow up and become a man. The movie stardust is an adventure movie that brings thrill and excitement. As Tristan grows into being a mature man he faces many difficult tasks. Example, while Tristan is facing the love of his life. The girl does not give him a chance as he knows Humphrey is proposing to the girl Tristan likes. Tristan knows he has exactly one week to get the ring for the girl or she marries Humphrey.When Tristan turns to his father for help, Tristan’s father has a surprise for him, as he takes him up into the attic and gives Tristan a gift. A gift his father has had for him his whole life, a gift from Tristan’s mother he has never met. Tristan finds out it is a note in a basket addressed from his mother. In the note wrapped up is a Babylon candle from his mother. In the note it explains how he can use the candle his mother gave him, and what it is used for. As it ta kes one week for Tristan to grow up, he realizes he must cross the wall to get the star the love of his life is asking for.Tristan realizes he cannot cross the wall unless he has some help, as Tristan got his help. Tristan sneaks past the old man and over the wall. Yet, Tristan does not realize what he has in front of him, and what lies ahead of his battle to get the star he has always hoped of getting for the love of his life. First, Tristan grows and matures into a man by crossing the wall, and capturing the star. Second, as Tristan has the star he has always wanted; he realizes his true love is right in front of his eyes, and is not the girl he was capturing the star for.Finally, Tristan gets his wish by capturing the star, and becomes king. One reason why it takes Tristan a week to mature and grow up because he realizes he has such short time to capture the star that he needs. Tristan only has one week, and he realizes he has competition trying to capture the star as well. Secon d, Tristan realizes he is not the only one in pursuit of trying to capture the ring, as the witch and brothers try and track him down to become next king and queen. Finally, Tristan matures into a man by the help of his captain and friends he has met along the way of capturing the tar. Tristan realizes the love of his life is right in front of him, instead of back home. First, Tristan falls in love with the star, but yet does she know he has feelings for her and he does not know how to explain his feelings towards her. Tristan finds out the real truth of how she feels for him when his own mother turns him into a mouse, after they met up along a trail and he asked for a ride. She said he must give up his Snow Drop flower to catch a ride. As soon as Tristan gave up the flower, she made Tristan a mouse and put him in a cage in the back of the wagon.Star explains her feelings to Tristan as he is a mouse, and she does not know he understands or is listening. Second, Tristan tells star he has heard what she has had to say about her feelings towards him and Star is quit shocked. My last reason why Tristan never knew his true love was right in front of his eyes, because the captain on the ship explained to him it has been all along; he just never realized it. Finally, Tristan gets his wish by capturing the star and becoming King.First, Tristan became King by being the last one alive to capture the Star, and bringing her back home with him. Second, Tristan is crowned King by capturing the heart of the stone, which leads to internal life. Tristan got his wish by defeating the last witch alive, before the witch had a chance to kill the girl and capture the star. Third, when Tristan is crowned King, he receives a gift from his mother; which is one last Babylon candle. In Conclusion, Tristan Thorne overcomes the ability and strength to become a mature man.When Tristan battled his way to win the power to become crowned King, Tristan first jumped the wall when he was not dar ed to enter. Second, without the help of his own mother he never met his whole life, and the note in the basket being wrapped up with a Babylon candle inside his father gave him. It was the fastest way he could travel to get the star that he needed, and to get the ring for the love of his life back at home. As much as Tristan knew it was important to keep Star with him, Tristan had to always keep a close eye on her in order not to lose her.Tristan knew she was very popular and had to overcome great challenges not lose her, because Tristan knew it was his only chance to get the ring for the love of his life; which later on he discovers she is a star and does not realize she is the key for whoever becomes the next crowned King. Later, Tristan realizes he is not the only one trying to capture the star, and that has forced him to grow up very quickly to becoming a man. In the end, Tristan gets crowned King, by defeating everyone else behind him and gets the love of his life which was ri ght in front of his eyes all along.

China s Cooperative Medical System - 1722 Words

As a developing country, maintaining an affordable healthcare system that is available to all of its citizens is crucial for its eventual success. Countless different countries have struggled to devise a way to provide health insurance to their citizens, and China is no exception. Ever since the collapse of China’s Cooperative Medical System in the 1980’s, rural citizens have struggled immensely to obtain affordable healthcare. This paper intends to examine Chinese healthcare reform from 2000 to 2005, mainly focusing on the New Rural Cooperative Medical System as well as the background of China’s healthcare system and how it reached this point. China has had a complex history, especially when talking about healthcare reform in regards to†¦show more content†¦Although the actual quality of health care providers is still under scrutiny, there is no question that the reformed policy has succeeded in providing expansive health benefits to the less fortunate in China. Before we delve into the various aspects of the New Rural Cooperative Medical System, it is important to establish a comprehensive understanding of the original Cooperative Medical System and why it collapsed in the 1980’s. The original system made its first appearance in China in the 1950’s and covered the majority of the agricultural population. â€Å"During the Anti-Japanese War, Medical Cooperatives were setup in the Shanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region, which was one of the bases of the communist party. At that time, the purpose was to meet the basic medical needs of the population by collecting financial contributions from individuals to setup medical clinics. Although the number of such organizations was small, and the mechanism of Medical Cooperatives was not like that of today’s CMS, the Medical Cooperatives of that time are described as the rudiment of CMS† (1, 503). One of the leading reasons that the CMS was successful at this time was the fact t hat it was organized as a community effort with collective funding paving the way for treatment. Under this system, rural Chinese citizens did not have to pay many out of pocket expenses because their respective

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If hypertension is not treated, it can develop serious complications like heart attacks, cerebral thrombosis or hemorrhage but this can be prevented if it’s controlled adequately on time. Arteries are the

jazz concert review Essay - 560 Words

The first question I asked myself at the beginning of the quarter was how much do I actually know about jazz? I have always characterized jazz music as a rhythmic and instrumental form of music. My impression on the basis of the jazz has always been portrayed with the African-American race. I think this was build up from the rhythm ‘n’ blues era and meaning according to the dictionary (â€Å"style of music that was invented by African American musicians in the early part of the twentieth century and has very strong rhythms and often involves improvisation†). But Louis Armstrong’s famous reply was â€Å"if you had to ask, you’ll never know†. Whatever else he meant, he was at least saying that jazz is noticeable, but not necessarily understandable by†¦show more content†¦Maynard Ferguson, jazz legend, internationally renowned big band leader and one of the world’s greatest trumpet players with his Big Bop Nouveau Band. He draws u pon bebop, straight-ahead jazz, funk, swing, classical and contemporary music to create a fresh sound within the classic big band form. (cite from Jazz Alley web site) Because me being Korean, I personally was little surprised and impressed by two Korean were members of his big band. A massive piano player, Ji Young Lee, pretty amazing in all pieces, her extended work on â€Å"but beautiful† was really lovely and the most memorable. Stockton, powerful drum player, thrilled the audience especially one of my friend, with his solos. He was banging away using all his gear, play in energetic and lively. M.F. and his band provided a remarkable arrangement of Aint No Sunshine When Shes Gone, as well as some elegant and very impressive, as Maynard ended a song by playing a soft muted trumpet, while the rest of the band played softer and softer, creating the effect of a fade-out. Really high and loud all night long†¦ including my self and my friends, the audience seemed really appreciating his hit medley at the end. It made us to believe that he plays over the top with excellent showmanship. Our waitress was little busy most of that night but the cocktail was good so it was okay and the lighting was perfect. Oh, oneShow MoreRelatedEssay on Jazz Concert Review931 Words   |  4 PagesJazz Concert Review [pic] The first formal small jazz concert was held at the Maum Cafà © on Sep. 25th, 2008. There were many music performances have held at the Maum Cafà © but Zino Park, leader of the band, and manager of Maum Cafà © agreed to arrange a formal jazz concert for the first time. The main theme of this concert was â€Å"Smooth Jazz with Zino Park at Maum†. Before the concert began, the band members introduced themselves to the audience. 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Stress in Emergency Department Physicians †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Stress in Emergency Department Physicians. Answer: Introduction Human resources are the people that are either working for an organization or a company and human resource department is responsible for the effective management of the employees. In the year 1960, the labour relations gained attention and the organizational behaviour and motivation slowly gained traction. Human resource management is a generalized term which takes into account the employee development in an organization. Human resource management is also called the talent management. and it involves the management of organizational human resources or capital. Human resource management is focussed on several areas and it includes staffing and recruiting; benefits and compensation; learning and training; employee and labour relations; organization development. Human resource management includes the administering and developing the programs that are designed to increase the effectiveness of a business or an organization. It also involves the cultivation, management, creation of a bette r employee-employer relation (Bratton Gold, 2017). This study is based on the critical and an in-depth analysis from the point of view of a human resource professional who is working in a regional hospital. Presently there is a big shortage of doctors and in the coming years, the shortage will rise to a great extent. The shortage of the doctors in the rural areas is a serious problem in Australia and it provides an opportunity for the doctors of New Zealand to make easy out of practising in Australia for a week. The city-based doctors are unwilling to work in the rural areas, and thus this provides an immense opportunity for the doctors from New Zealand to work in Australian rural hospital for a week and earn huge sums of money. Recently, shortage of staffs in the healthcare sector has led to the increased pressure on the existing staffs and the doctors. This has led to increased fatigue and burnout within the healthcare professionals. The clinical staffs are experiencing immense work pressure and associated depression. The shortage of doctors in the emergency departments has led to the increased level of pressure within the healthcare setup. The situation, however, is not that gloomy b ecause there are people are desperately trying to get into this healthcare sector. In one case it has been found that in one hospital one doctor is overseeing 26 patients. This busy schedule has resulted in too many doctors choosing to suicide due to the deterioration of their personal health. The doctors either choose to commit suicide or try to self-diagnose themselves. The doctors that are well aware of their health condition seek professional help. There have been studies in the American hospital that specify the doctors are continuously undergoing clinical depression and this has led to several kinds of medication errors and prescribing errors. The doctors often are reluctant to treat their colleagues that are suffering from mental illness. Reward practices Human Resource Management has the responsibility to look after the hard work of the employees. The employee can be a doctor, a nurse, physician or a clinical staff. The rewarding practices are the strategies that act to recognise the positive action of a doctor in a clinical setting. This rewarding practice if implemented and executed well can bring positive outcome in the overall performance of the emergency department. Recognising the hard work and the efforts of the employee's help in encouraging and boosting the morale of the doctors that work in an emergency department (Cogin, Ng Lee, 2016). The various types of the reward practices that can be used here with respect to the management of the senior emergency staff are as follows: Monetary rewards- monetary rewards are the type of the rewards that can be readily given to the emergency staff for the hard work in the emergency department. There is another type of monetary reward like providing incentives to the senior emergency staff for the large number of the patients that they attend and also for the extended hours of work (Young et al., 2010). Non-monetary rewards- the non-monetary rewards include the awards that are not in the monetary form and includes the promotion, usage of the hospital facilities, letters of appreciation, certificates and awards. Flexible pay- this kind is pay is dependent on the performance of an individual that is working in an emergency healthcare unit and demands long hours of work. Although the senior emergency staff will get the basic pay that he is allotted to, however, the long hours of work along with the extra number of patients that the emergency unit is attending can provide an option for extra pay (Young et al., 2010). Recognition- recognition can be defined as the genuine appreciation, approval, acknowledgement of the employee performance. The recognition is also a form of reward which is can be given to the employees on an annual basis. This recognition can be delivered one to one basis, verbally or in a written form (Cogin, Ng Lee, 2016). Implication of rewards practices for the management of employee performance in an emergency ward Reward system can be considered an important part that contributes to the employee performance. Employee performance is highly affected by the becomes more effective due to the high rewards system. Especially in an emergency ward, the senior management staff performs the toughest work of attaining the emergency cases that come pouring in during the hospital hours and even during the night. This leads to the exhaustion and burnout of the healthcare professionals. The working ability can be greatly enhanced when the rewards given to the employees in an emergency ward are attractive. Job performance is an important aspect of the human resource management (Boselie, 2010). Performance is important for the purpose of achieving the better health outcomes and treatment of the patients that are coming in at an emergency situation. Rewards are considered important as it acts as a motivating factor for the employees. The best part is that better rewards system attracts the newer employees and i t acts as a rewarding factor for the for the existing employees. The good work of the employees is necessary for the better health outcomes of the patient and the also help in delivering better healthcare. Employees give their best efforts in order to achieve the better health outcomes along with the rewards for the good work. Rewards are important so that the employees stay engaged and their work is in accordance with the way that promotes better care for the patients. Employees that want to work hard will also look to attain the different types of the rewards like the monetary and the non-monetary rewards (Lutwama, Roos Dolamo, 2013). There are different types of employees and their personal choice for the monetary and the non-monetary rewards vary. Employees when feel that being in a hospital that will highly provide all the scope of gaining the required exposure along with the career growth, then such employees will certainly remain committed to their work. Especially in an eme rgency ward, the senior emergency staff has the responsibility of overseeing the different types of patients and that too in large numbers. In such scenarios, often the senior emergency staff have to work for long hours and attain several patients at the same time. The emergency staffs have to deal with different types of complicated cases and during such events, the rewarding mechanisms play a major role in keeping the staffs motivated (Ibrar Khan, 2015). Human resource executive plays a major role here with them in integrating the reward mechanism it increases the quality of health care dispensed to the ailing patients and at the same time motivates the emergency staffs. Reward systems are implemented within the work and it leads to the effectiveness of the hospital emergency team that looks after the critical cases. It has been found that the satisfaction of the employees is highly affected by the reward practice in place. There are different types of employees that get motivated either by the monetary rewards or by the employee recognition. At the same time if the rewarding system is ineffective then it will impact the employee satisfaction and will also demotivate the employees. This will negatively impact the healthcare delivery of the senior emergency staff (Ibrar Khan, 2015). Alternative reward practices The employees that work in an emergency ward are the most versatile and capable of handling pressure during the critical cases. It is thus necessary for the human resource executive to reciprocate with the similar kind of reward that will be at par with the working capability of the emergency staffs. Especially there is a shortage of doctors in Australia and this is the reason that the emergency staffs face the extra burden of work pressure. In such situations, the rewards must be high in order to keep the doctors stay motivated and deliver the best. The health conditions of the patients that arrive in the emergency department demand critical care. Due to this reason, the senior emergency staff that work in such cases often have to handle the cases critically. Their decisions either to complete recovery or death of the patient (Bragard, Dupuis Fleet, 2015). Thus other than the rewards these senior emergency staffs need a different kind of reward system that will keep them motivated. Such rewards are leadership roles with respect to the complete overseeing the performance of the critical tasks; work as a mentor for the staffs that are working in an emergency ward; acclamation by the local government authorities. A senior emergency staff has the responsibility of overseeing too many patients in a clinical setting. This work pressure can be reduced by recruiting junior doctors which can effectively work with the guidance and under the leadership of the senior emergency staffs. This can effectively reduce the burden on these senior doctors and thus provide them with the greater satisfaction and less pressure and burnout during the work hours. The leadership role can effectively reduce the negative impact on the mental health of the employees (Seow, 2013). The next important can come in the form of mentorship. The senior emergency staff can also undertake the role of the mentor. This mentorship is only given to the senior emergency staffs that are the most hardworking and the follows the rules and the gives the highest priority to the health of the patients. The mentorship is a kind of the acclamation provided to the senior emergency staff that work in a clinical setup. This will help the new junior joiners to work effectively in an emergency ward, because to work in an emergency ward a greater coordination is required which can be achieved only when a team performs well (Flowerdew et al., 2012). The most important acclamation that can be provided to the senior emergency staff is an acclamation by a local government authority. This can effectively help in providing recognition to the senior emergency staffs that he needs to have due to his hard work. Recommendation In order to properly support/engage/reward the senior emergency staff, there is are certain recommendations which can be given to the hospital management, which are as follows: More doctors need to be recruited so that the work pressure can be eased from the existing senior emergency staffs. Other than providing the monetary rewards, there is a definite need to provide the senior emergency staffs with the recognition due to the critical and the hard work they do. Other than the new doctors, new staffs like the nurses and the clinical staffs also need to be recruited by the hospital management in order to divide the workload evenly among all the employees. The salary package can be hiked on a six-month basis after analysing the critical cases handled successfully. The scheme of flexible pay can be introduced into the system so as to maximise the effort put by the senior emergency staff. Flexible pay will help the senior emergency staff to earn more from solving the more critical cases (Kapelyushnikov, Kuznetsov Kuznetsova, 2012). Conclusion From the above study, it can be concluded that the hospitals in Australia are currently facing a shortage of the doctors. Due to this reason, the existing doctors are under immense pressure to work with the low number of the staffs. This has impacted negatively on the doctors of the rural areas and has affected their mental wellbeing. The doctors regularly come under immense pressure and are often not able to cope up with the same. The study also incorporates solutions from the perspective of a human resource executive. The HR executive suggests a way so that the situation can be made better with better strategies. Reference Boselie, P. (2010). High performance work practices in the health care sector: a Dutch case study. International journal of manpower, 31(1), 42-58. Bragard, I., Dupuis, G., Fleet, R. (2015). Quality of work life, burnout, and stress in emergency department physicians: a qualitative review. European Journal of Emergency Medicine, 22(4), 227-234. Bratton, J., Gold, J. (2017). Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave. Cogin, J. A., Ng, J. L., Lee, I. (2016). Controlling healthcare professionals: how human resource management influences job attitudes and operational efficiency. Human resources for health, 14(1), 55. Flowerdew, L., Brown, R., Russ, S., Vincent, C., Woloshynowych, M. (2012). Teams under pressure in the emergency department: an interview study. Emerg Med J, 29(12), e2-e2. Ibrar, M., Khan, O. (2015). The impact of reward on employee performance (a case study of Malakand Private School). International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 52, 95-103. Kapelyushnikov, R., Kuznetsov, A., Kuznetsova, O. (2012). The role of the informal sector, flexible working time and pay in the Russian labour market model. Post-communist economies, 24(2), 177-190. Lutwama, G. W., Roos, J. H., Dolamo, B. L. (2013). Assessing the implementation of performance management of health care workers in Uganda. BMC health services research, 13(1), 355. Seow, E. (2013). Leading and managing an emergency departmentA personal view. Journal of Acute Medicine, 3(3), 61-66. Young, S., Bartram, T., Stanton, P., Leggat, S. G. (2010). High performance work systems and employee well-being: a two stage study of a rural Australian hospital. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 24(2), 182-199.